Women's increasing involvement in Indian elections led to nearly equal representation in voter turnout, marking historic progress

The Lok Sabha 2024 elections in India this year marked the emergence of women as a significant contributor to India’s destiny, reflecting ‘she’ as an important factor in the democratic process. For the first time, women constituted nearly half of the voter turnout, as the electoral gender ratio increased from 928 in 2010 to 948 in 2024. This shift reflects a critical evolution in the democratic process, highlighting women as a decisive voting bloc.

Public Choice Theory and Electoral Strategies

According to the public choice theory, as women become a decisive voting bloc, political parties will act in their self-interest to cater to ‘she’ needs. So, every political party in India gauged the importance of the female demographic bloc and put concerted efforts to engage female voters. They acknowledged and addressed the unique needs of women through various women-centric welfare schemes and community initiatives such as Ujjwala Yojana, the Swachh Bharat Mission, free bus rides, direct cash transfers and prohibition policies. These initiatives garnered substantial support from female voters, highlighting the electoral impact of gender-focused strategies.

Beyond Electoral Gains

The implications of these gender-focused strategies extend far beyond immediate electoral gains:

Improved Governance and institutional reforms: The increased competition among political parties to attract female voters has led to a promise of more responsive and effective governance. Parties are encouraged to deliver more and better public services, welfare programs; thereby improving overall welfare. This may also lead to institutional and legal reforms that protect and promote rights of women.

Challenging Patriarchal Norms: Rising literacy and civic participation among women signify a transformative shift. This shift challenges traditional patriarchal norms and expands the role of women beyond traditional caregiving responsibilities. This progressive attitude promotes economic growth and productivity.

Enhancing Capabilities: Drawing on Amartya Sen’s “capabilities approach,” enhancing women’s abilities to participate politically, socially and economically not only improves their individual functioning but also boosts the overall human development level of the economy. Studies have shown that States with higher female representation have increased investments in public services such as sanitation, drinking water and education, leading to improved community well-being.

Role Models and Leadership: Women in leadership roles serve as role models, encouraging other women and girls to participate in public life and pursue leadership positions. This self-empowerment breaks down social barriers and fosters more inclusive and representative governance.

Vision for Viksit Bharat@2047

The focus on gender empowerment in the 2024 elections is pivotal for achieving the vision of Viksit Bharat@2047, which envisions a developed and inclusive India. Political parties that recognized and acted upon this cultural shift have positioned themselves on the right side of history, understanding the changing dynamics of Indian democracy.

As Indian democracy continues to evolve, the empowerment of women in politics will pave the way for more balanced and equitable institutions, reflecting the true spirit of democracy. This evolution promises a governance system that is more inclusive and effective, ultimately contributing to the nation’s development and the fulfillment of its long-term vision.

(The writer is Associate Professor Department of Economics Sri Guru Gobind Singh College of Commerce, University of Delhi; views are personal)