Iran is using cluster munitions, says Israel

Israel says Iran has been firing cluster munitions throughout their 10-day war -- adding a complicated and deadly challenge to Israel’s already-stretched air defences. The warheads burst open at high altitudes, scattering dozens of smaller bomblets across a wide area. The smaller bombs, which at night can resemble orange fireballs, are difficult to intercept and have proven lethal.

Normally restrictive about releasing information on Iranian hits and damage, Israeli authorities in recent days have sought to educate the public about their dangers, which can persist as unexploded bombs on the ground even after civilians leave shelters. At least three people have been killed, including two at a construction site in central Israel on Tuesday.

Over 120 countries have signed an international convention banning the use of cluster munitions, although Israel, the United States and Iran are among the nations that have not joined the treaty.

The weapon has been used for decades in conflicts around the world, including by Israel when it fought the Iran-allied Lebanese militant group Hezbollah in 2006.

Here’s what to know about cluster munitions: The bomblets scatter and kill indiscriminately. After what is called a parent munition is launched, it releases smaller sub-munitions at an altitude of seven to 10 kilometres. These bomblets scatter across a large area, from several hundred metres to several kilometres, trading precision for coverage.

Critics worldwide argue that cluster munitions kill or maim indiscriminately, with unexploded bomblets remaining dangerous long after their use. In Israel, they can be especially dangerous because most of the missiles have been aimed at its densely populated centre.

“Cluster bombs do not create real damage to buildings, only people,” said Yehoshua Kalisky, a senior researcher at Israel’s Institute for National Security Studies.

Tough to shoot down. An Israeli military official, speaking anonymously under army briefing rules, said on Tuesday that roughly half of the projectiles Iran was launching toward Israel had been cluster munitions.

Israel’s Arrow missile-defence system has done a good job intercepting incoming ballistic missiles, Kalisky said.

But if cluster munitions are released before the missile is destroyed, there is little that can be done.

Israel’s Iron Dome system is geared toward intercepting smaller rockets fired from short ranges and lower altitudes. But it is not designed to destroy the clusters once they have dispersed into dozens of bomblets, Kalisky added.

Unlike heavier explosives, the bomblets -- often weighing less than three kg -- are most dangerous to targets like cars, storefronts or people caught outside shelters.

“They pose a particular threat to the civilian population both during and after use, with victims often including a high proportion of children,” according to the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

The sub-munitions fail to explode more often than other kinds of warheads. Unexploded ordnance can act like a land mine, detonating later and killing indiscriminately.

The Open-Source Munitions Portal, which authenticates publicly-sourced images of munitions worldwide, has published several images of unexploded sub-munitions found in Israel this week. It also verified images of Israeli sub-munitions being used in Lebanon last year. Lt Col Nadav Shoshani, an Israeli military spokesperson, declined to comment directly on the allegation, but pointed to a post on the military’s Substack, which noted that cluster bombs can be used against military targets but not civilian areas.

Iran has used them frequently

Most of the damage in Israel has been caused by larger Iranian missiles, but Iran has been using cluster munitions on a “nearly daily basis”, Shoshani said. He says Iran fired similar projectiles during the 12-day war in June.

The military said the Iranian warheads contain between 20 and 24 bomblets with explosives weighing up to five kg.

The Israeli military’s Home Front Command has distributed flyers warning residents not to touch unexploded sub-munitions. A public service announcement from police also warned people not to touch anything they see and to call authorities instead.

What Iran is using

According to the Missile Defence Project at the Washington-based Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Iran said in 2017 that its Khorramshahr medium-range ballistic missile could carry multiple warheads. The missiles are the largest of Iran’s sub-munition-dispersing arsenal. Iran also has sub-munition-equipped, shorter-range Zolfaghar missiles.

Cluster munitions, including those seen in an Associated Press video flying westward toward Israel, can look like falling fireballs -- an effect caused by the friction of reentering the atmosphere.

N R Jenzen-Jones, director of Armament Research Services, said little open-source information exists about Iran’s cluster munitions beyond state television reports of leaders touring missile factories and videos from military exercises. But videos showing them used last week indicate that some Iranian missiles carrying cluster munition warheads are designed to open at high altitude, scattering them across an area far larger than most military targets.

Design components that disperse them at such heights -- including a protective coating on the sub-munitions that can withstand the heat of atmospheric reentry -- appear to show they were built for far less precise use than cluster munitions seen in other conflicts.

“The design seems to scatter sub-munitions so widely as to suggest it was designed purely as a weapon of terror, scattering its explosive cargo indiscriminately over a wide area,” Jenzen-Jones said.

In July 2025, after the 12-day war between Iran and Israel, Amnesty International said Iran’s “deliberate use of such inherently-indiscriminate weapons is a blatant violation of international humanitarian law”.

Broadly banned but still used

Cluster munitions -- including those more targeted than Iran’s -- are not illegal but are barred by the Geneva Conventions for use in civilian areas. They are also banned under recent international agreements signed by more than 120 nations.

Cluster munitions were first used by Nazi Germany when it dropped “butterfly bombs” on the United Kingdom in World War II. The US has used various kinds in Vietnam, Laos, Iraq and Afghanistan, and provided cluster munitions to Ukraine. Russia was accused of using cluster bombs in its 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine, a charge Moscow denied.

During a 2006 war in Lebanon with the militant group Hezbollah, the UN estimated some 30 per cent to 40 per cent of Israeli cluster bombs failed to explode, leaving southern Lebanon littered with hundreds of thousands of bomblets.

The US State Department said Israel likely used American-made cluster bombs in civilian areas during the 2006 war, after UN demining teams found unexploded bomblets in hundreds of locations.

Israel is not using cluster bombs currently, according to a military official who spoke on condition of anonymity under the military’s briefing rules.