Caged poultry products which are widely used in Delhi and NCR region, have been found to be dangerous for human consumption. A study by the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), a Central Government body in three places (Karnal, Sonipat and Gurugram) in neighbouring Haryana has revealed that unhygienic poultry farms could lead to sudden outbreak of bacterial, viral, fungal and communicable diseases like avian influenza, pox, pasteurella, coryza and aspergillosis. This means eggs are unfit for consumption due to high contamination.
A team comprising three scientists of CSIR-NEERI visited caged farms in Sonipat and Karnal districts and a cage-free farm in Gurugram district to understand poultry farm practices. They also did an assessment of environmental status at poultry farms and heavy metal analysis in feed grains and excreta slurry.
In another study on eggs pointed out to contain large amounts of salmonella, present both on the shell and inside the egg. However, fresh eggs collected from farms indicated less salmonella contamination. Since most consumers buy eggs from retail outlets the chances of contracting salmonella infection increases.
The study was conducted by NEERI with the help of the Haryana Pollution Control Board. There is very little regulation with regard to poultry farming in India, which is why even the law Commission had begun to look into the matter. The total poultry population in India is 729.2 million, which is 12.39% higher than numbers in the previous census (livestock Census, 2012).
Based on observations made during visits to closed-cage and cage-free poultry farming system in Haryana, the report concluded that the condition of closed-cage poultry farms is very poor and cruel for hens when compared to cage-free poultry system. The study NEERI shows poor poultry workers and local residents living in or around the vicinity of poultry farms are more prone to catch the bacterial and viral infections.
Odour generation and mites in the farms are two major problems in closed-caged system, which is not observed in the cage-free system. The cage-free system provides enough space for movement of hens and the kind of environment required to express their natural behaviour, says the report. A few months ago, the law Commission of India in its 269th report, ‘Transportation and House-keeping of Egg-laying hens (layers) and Broiler Chickens’, also stressed on the need to put an end to the cruel practice of confining birds in these small cages.
According to the report, The law Commission of India, vide Report No. 269, titled “Transportation and House-keeping of Egg laying Hens (layers) and Broiler Chickens” specified certain space allocations. The space allocations recommended are suitable.
The report says viable alternatives to battery cages, which can be adapted to commercial production, have also been identified, including aviary systems, with multiple tiers and a higher stocking density than floor-systems where perches are located on the elevated tiers, hens may preferentially roost higher off the ground. And also free-range systems, in which hens are housed in a single-tiered barn or multi-tiered aviary and even provided with outdoor access.
The report says viable alternatives to battery cages, which can be adapted to commercial production, have also been identified, including aviary systems, with multiple tiers and a higher stocking density than floor-systems where perches are located on the elevated tiers; hens may preferentially roost higher off the ground. And also free-range systems, in which hens are housed in a single-tiered barn or multi-tiered aviary and even provided with outdoor access.
The report recommended that to encourage the existing poultry farm owners to make changes in the present caged-system, suitable rebate in tax or subsidies may be given to the poultry farms who adopt such systems. All new poultry farm should also follow cage-free system from the beginning.
Recently, a report released by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) warned that misuse of antibiotics in poultry farms is leading to multi-drug resistant bacteria which is spreading into the environment through unsafe disposal of poultry litter and waste in agricultural fields, with the potential to infect human beings.