A first of its kind study has said that the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, one of the worst industrial disasters in India, may have led to men born during and after the mishap having a higher risk of developing disabilities and cancer later in life.
The research, published in the journal BMJ Open, suggests that industrial accidents may have a much longer-term and serious impact on people’s health than just the immediate aftermath.
“Our paper finds evidence that one of the worst industrial disasters in India, the Bhopal gas disaster in December 1984, may have led to men who were in-utero at the time of the accident having a higher risk of developing disabilities and cancer later in life,” said study corresponding author Gordon McCord, associate teaching professor at the University of California San Diego, US.
“The results also suggest that the Bhopal gas disaster affected people across a substantially more widespread area than has previously been demonstrated,” McCord said in a statement. In the Bhopal incident, there was a methyl isocyanate gas leak at a pesticide plant and the leak of toxic gas which spread for a 7 kilometre radius, exposing more than half a million people in the city of Bhopal to the gas and led to over 20,000 deaths in the region.
“There were serious long-term and chronic health consequences for hundreds of thousands of survivors, including respiratory, neurological, musculoskeletal, ophthalmic and endocrine impacts,” said study co-author Prashant Bharadwaj, professor in UC San Diego’s Department of Economics.
The leak’s toxins also affected groundwater and the reproductive health and other health outcomes of exposed women, suggesting that generations not exposed to the toxic gas directly may nevertheless have suffered adverse health and social impacts of the event.
The study also cites previous literature that found, for example, that there was a fourfold increase in the rate of miscarriage following the gas leak, as well as increased risk of stillbirth and neonatal mortality.
However, the study is the first to extensively research the multi-generational impacts of such an event and recognise the potential far-reaching repercussions by investigating these impacts on children born to female survivors of the Bhopal gas disaster. The researchers looked at official health and education data, such as NFHS, to estimate the long-term health effects — specifically adult cancer rates and disability — and the educational attainments of people who were exposed to the leaked gas in utero or as children in 1984.
“Our analysis of the results showed there were long-term, intergenerational impacts of the gas leak, showing that men who were in utero at the time whose mothers lived close to Bhopal were more likely to have a disability that affected their employment 15 years later,” said study co-author, Anita Raj, a professor in the UC San Diego Departments of Medicine and Education Studies.
“They also had an eightfold higher cancer risk and lower educational attainment more than 30 years later, when compared to adults who were born before or after the disaster and who lived further away from Bhopal,” Raj said.
The researchers also found changes in the sex ratio among children born in 1985, suggesting an effect of the event up to 100 km from the accident.
The researchers said the study had some limitations in that the people included would have had a range of actual exposure to the dangerous gas and the calculations could be affected by migration and mortality.