When Russian forces launched a military campaign against infrastructure in Ukraine nearly two months ago, they opened a front that carried the war along power lines, water mains and heating systems to homes, schools, offices and churches.
The government in Kyiv and the Western countries that have backed it with billions in military aid now are scrambling along with the United Nations and aid groups to get blankets, insulation, generators, medical supplies, cash and more essentials into the invaded country as winter looms.
Millions of Ukrainians are without regular access to heat, electricity and water in sub-freezing temperatures, Martin Griffiths, who heads the U.N.
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, told the U.N. Security Council on Tuesday. Some have no access at all, he said.
"In Ukraine today, the ability of civilians to survive is under attack," Griffiths said.
Despite a swift response and a high commitment from donors to a U.N. aid appeal, the needs are changing fast — and swelling. Much has been made of the need for diesel generators whose buzzing motors create stopgap electricity for cellphone towers, restaurants and especially hospitals, which are the Ukrainian government's highest priority.
Sporadic electricity has widespread impacts. It deprives people of warmth from electric space heaters, steady light in the evenings and power for the millions of electronic devices and computers in a highly digitized country — and thus for livelihoods.
Strikes that disable deliveries of gas cut off the flames for furnaces and stoves. Kyiv Mayor Vitali Klitschko advised the capital's residents to consider moving temporarily to rural areas, where basics like wood to burn for heat are more plentiful.
In the most desperate, hard-hit cities, some residents resort to scooping up dirty water from puddles in the street while water systems are temporarily disabled.
Saviano Abreu, a spokesperson for U.N.'s humanitarian affairs office's operation in Ukraine, said it pulled together hundreds of generators starting back in June, aware of the country's harsh winters.
"With this situation and people living in damaged houses, we did know back then that we would have problems with heating, water and electricity, but not at this scale," Abreu said, noting that supply chain issues posed obstacles to securing more equipment.
"In the neighboring countries around Ukraine, it's already not available, so we bring it from much farther at this point," he said.
The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said last week that it would roll out its "largest cash assistance program in history" in Ukraine, totaling $1.7 billion for 6.3 million people. It said the experience in other countries has shown distributing money directly to people to buy food, clothing and other basics is an effective strategy.
The U.N. Development Program is taking a different, longer-term approach. It's seeking to fill requests from Ukraine's government for technical equipment like power transformers, transformer substations, high-frequency stoppers, high-voltage inputs, surge arresters, industrial gas turbines and other items to help restore the electricity grid and energy systems.
"Together with the World Bank, (we're) doing an assessment across Ukraine of all the damages and needs that have resulted from this targeting of the energy infrastructure," Jaco Cilliers, the program's acting resident representative in Ukraine, said.
"We are in the process of putting that together, which includes obviously the larger-scale equipment that would be needed for the restoration."