More than two years after Muammar Gaddafi was overthrown, libya, now run by militias and warlords, is on the verge of disintegration
The Red Wadi (Wadi al Ahmar) lies to the west of the old Roman border between Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, but if libya splits in two it will serve as the new frontier. The deadline for the fighting to resume there was March 27, but neither side is good at organising a battle and we will have to wait for a bit. It will probably happen in the end, though.
libya has been a chaos of rival militias holding down local fiefdoms ever since the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi's 42-year dictatorship in 2011, but in the past month the disintegration has accelerated. A formal division of the country into two successor states is now a possibility, but it's unlikely to happen without some further fighting.
Much of the eastern half of the country, Cyrenaica, has been under the control of a coalition of tribal militias led by Ibrahim Jathran since last year. He seized control of the terminals on the coast through which two-thirds of libya's oil production is exported, and set up the ‘Cyrenaica Political Bureau’, which is acting as a proto-Government in the east.
The central Government in Tripoli, which was led by Prime Minister Ali Zeidan, was powerless to stop him. It has been paying $1,000 per month to about 1,60,000 members of various militias (out of a total population of only six million) in an attempt to make them servants of the state, but they don't feel obliged to obey Government orders. And the Army that obeys Tripoli is too small and weak to take on a powerful warlord like Jathran.
Months of stalemate followed, while the country's oil exports, which account for 95 per cent of Government revenues, plunged from 1.5 million barrels/day to only 2,00,000 barrels. (The Zintan militia in western libya was also cutting pipelines and occupying oilfields from the western oilfields from time to time.) But matters came to a head when Jathran's militia started trying to export oil itself.
If Jathran could sell Cyrenaica's oil with impunity that would be the end of a united libya, so Prime Minister Ali Zeidan threatened to sink a rogue tanker, the North Korean-flagged Morning Glory, that arrived at one of the terminals controlled by Jathran to load oil valued at $30 million. libya's Navy had been sunk by Nato planes and its Air Force was near mutiny. So all Mr Zeidan had to stop it was a tugboat jury-rigged with Grad rockets.
Morning Glory managed to get away, and the Islamist-dominated Congress that passes for a final authority in libya fired Mr Zeidan for his failure. Congress then ordered the most powerful militia in the west of the country, the libyan Shield, to seize the rebel-held ports in the east, but after some clashes they were stopped east of Sirte. Since then the two sides have glared at each other across the Red Wadi, waiting for the deadline set by the speaker of Congress and de facto President, Mr Nuri Abu Sahmain, to expire.
Now it has expired, and nothing has happened yet, but neither has there been any sign that the two sides are talking. Besides, it is misleading to talk of ‘two sides’. The country has become a jumble of militia-run city-states with rapidly shifting alliances. But the east-west split is real, and it is getting worse.
The Cyrenaica Political Bureau says it is a “federalist” organisation that wants only the decentralisation of the country and a bigger share of the oil revenues for the east, but in fact it is already halfway out the door — and the Army units and air bases in the east support the rebels. “We are assembling a large force to protect the ports,” said Senussi al-Meghrabi. “If they are attacked, it will be civil war.” But not a long civil war, probably, for there is virtually no chance that forces from Tripolitania could conquer Cyrenaica — especially when they are facing their own revolt back home from the powerful Zintan militia, allies of the exiled ex-Prime Minister Ali Zeidan. And they control the oil of Tripolitania.