Researchers in Canada have developed two caffeine-based chemical compounds that show promise in preventing the ravages of Parkinson's disease.
Parkinson's disease attacks the nervous system, causing uncontrolled shakes, muscle stiffness, and slow, imprecise movement, chiefly in middle-aged and elderly people.
It is caused by the loss of brain cells (neurons) that produce dopamine, an essential neurotransmitter that allows neurons to "talk" to each other.
The team from University of Saskatchewan focused on a protein called Alpha-synuclein (AS), which is involved in dopamine regulation.
In Parkinson's sufferers, AS gets misfolded into a compact structure associated with the death of dopamine-producing neurons.
"Many of the current therapeutic compounds focus on boosting the dopamine output of surviving cells, but this is effective only as long as there are still enough cells to do the job," said one of the lead researchers Jeremy lee from University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine.
"Our approach aims to protect dopamine-producing cells by preventing AS from mis-folding in the first place," lee noted.
Although the chemistry was challenging, lee explained the team synthesised 30 different "bifunctional dimer" drugs, that is, molecules that link two different substances known to have an effect on dopamine-producing cells.
They started with a caffeine "scaffold," guided by literature that shows the stimulant has a protective effect against Parkinson's.
From this base, they added other compounds with known effects -- nicotine, the diabetes drug metformin, and aminoindan, a research chemical similar to the Parkinson's drug rasagiline.
Using a yeast model of Parkinson's disease, lee and his team discovered two of the compounds prevented the AS protein from clumping, effectively allowing the cells to grow normally.
"Our results suggest these novel bifunctional dimers show promise in preventing the progression of Parkinson's disease," lee said.
The findings were published in the journal ACS Chemical Neuroscience.
